Pharmaceutical Hemostasis: Competitively inhibits the binding of plasminogen to fibrin, preventing fibrinolysis. Used for surgical bleeding, postpartum hemorrhage, and menorrhagia. Oral/injectable use should be under medical supervision; use with caution in individuals at risk of thrombosis.

Whitening and Spot Removal (Topical 2%-5% safe concentration): Inhibits melanosome transport between melanocytes and keratinocytes, downregulates inflammatory melanocyte-promoting factors (such as PGE2), and reduces tyrosinase activity. Highly effective for melasma, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (acne scars), and post-laser hyperpigmentation. Also has anti-inflammatory properties, improving redness and pigmentation problems related to rosacea.

Post-Aesthetic Medical Treatments: Reduces swelling and bruising after laser/plastic surgery, and aids in the repair of photodamage.